#include "3DRenderer.hpp"

#include <SFML/Graphics/RectangleShape.hpp>

#include "../World/DbgCube.hpp"
#include "../World/Tank.hpp"

#define SF_COLOR_4CHEX(h) sf::Color((uint32_t)h)

#define FAR_Z   (100.f)
#define NEAR_Z   (0.1f)

//#define DISABLE_AABB_CLIPPING
//#define DISABLE_TRIANGLE_CLIPPING
//#define DISABLE_WIREFRAME_MODE


// Rendering pipeline:
//   model matrix (Object SRT) -> view matrix (camera matrix inverted) -> proj matrix -> clipping -> perspective divide 
//    -> viewport transformation -> Rasterizer (draw pixels inside projected triangles on 2D screen)
// Revised rendering pipeline:
//   AABB clipping -> model transform matrix (Object SRT) -> view matrix (camera matrix inverted) -> proj matrix 
//    -> faces culling -> triangles clipping -> perspective divide -> viewport transformation -> Rasterizer (draw pixels inside projected triangles on 2D screen)
//
// Virtual space transformations order:
//   object space -> world space -> camera space -> homogeneous clip space -> NDC space -> raster space
//
// Rasterizer inputs elements:
//   - texture-buffer (2D array of pixels color value)
//   - z-buffer (2D array of float representing the nearest pixel's depth, all pixels beyond are ignored)
//   - projected vertices-buffer on screen (using vertices-buffer and projection function)
//
// Refs:
//   * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_projection
//   * https://www.scratchapixel.com/lessons/3d-basic-rendering/rasterization-practical-implementation/overview-rasterization-algorithm.html
//   * https://ktstephano.github.io/rendering/stratusgfx/aabbs
//   * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipping_(computer_graphics)
//   * https://www.coranac.com/tonc/text/mode7.htm
//   * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-face_culling
//   * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden-surface_determination#Occlusion_culling
//   * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounding_volume_hierarchy

struct RenderItem final {
    const WorldObject* pObj = nullptr;
    const M3D_ContainmentType frustrumClipType = CONTAINS;

    RenderItem() = delete;
    RenderItem(const WorldObject* pObj) : pObj(pObj) {}
    RenderItem(const WorldObject* pObj, const M3D_ContainmentType cType) : pObj(pObj), frustrumClipType(cType) {}
};

static bool VertexClipTest(M3D_F4* V, sf::Vector2f& RTsize);

Graphic3DRenderer::Graphic3DRenderer() {
    if (mMainCamera == nullptr) {
        mMainCamera = std::make_unique<Camera>();
        mMainCamera->SetPosition(0.0f, 1.5f, -8.0f);
    }
    SetRTSize(1280.f, 324.f);
    mMainCamera->UpdateCamView();

    // Fill world object list to render
    mWorldObjsList.clear();
    mWorldObjsList.push_back(std::make_shared<ObjectDbgCube>());
    mWorldObjsList.back()->SetPosition(0.f, 0.f, 15.f);
    mWorldObjsList.back()->SetScale(2.0f);
    mWorldObjsList.push_back(std::make_shared<ObjectDbgCube>());
    mWorldObjsList.back()->SetPosition(6.f, 2.f, 2.f);
    mWorldObjsList.back()->SetScale(2.0f);
    mWorldObjsList.push_back(std::make_shared<ObjectDbgCube>());
    mWorldObjsList.back()->SetPosition(-8.f, 5.f, 10.f);
    mWorldObjsList.back()->SetScale(2.0f);
    mWorldObjsList.push_back(std::make_shared<Tank>());
    mWorldObjsList.back()->SetPosition(0.f, 0.f, 0.f);
    mWorldObjsList.back()->SetScale(5.0f);

    for (size_t i = 0; i < 40; i++) {
        mWorldObjsList.push_back(std::make_shared<Tank>());
        mWorldObjsList.back()->SetPosition(-100.f + (i * 5.f), 0.f, 8.f);
        mWorldObjsList.back()->SetScale(5.0f);
    }
}

Graphic3DRenderer::~Graphic3DRenderer() {}

void Graphic3DRenderer::SetRTSize(unsigned int w, unsigned int h) {
    mRTSize.x = w; mRTSize.y = h;
    mMainCamera->SetFrustrum(75.0f, mRTSize.x/mRTSize.y, NEAR_Z, FAR_Z);
}

void Graphic3DRenderer::UpdateCamera(CAMERA_MOVE type, const float value) {
    switch (type) {
    case CAMERA_MOVE_WALK:
        mMainCamera->Walk(value);
        break;

    case CAMERA_MOVE_STRAFE:
        mMainCamera->Strafe(value);
        break;

    case CAMERA_MOVE_FLY:
        mMainCamera->Fly(value);
        break;

    case CAMERA_MOVE_PITCH:
        mMainCamera->Pitch(value);
        break;

    case CAMERA_MOVE_YAW:
        mMainCamera->Yaw(value);
        break;
    
    default:
        break;
    }

    mMainCamera->UpdateCamView();
}

void Graphic3DRenderer::Draw(sf::RenderTexture& context) {
#ifdef DEBUG
    drawnTriCount = 0;
#endif

    // Hardcoded debug movement, TODO: remove it
    UpdateInternalTestObjects();

    DrawBackground(context);
    DrawSceneObjects(context);
}

void Graphic3DRenderer::UpdateInternalTestObjects() {
    static float thetaAngle = 0.31f;
    thetaAngle = thetaAngle >= M3D_2PI ? -M3D_2PI : thetaAngle + 0.004f;
    static float thetaAngle2 = 2.12f;
    thetaAngle2 = thetaAngle2 >= M3D_2PI ? -M3D_2PI : thetaAngle2 + 0.005f;
    static float thetaAngle3 = -4.78f;
    thetaAngle3 = thetaAngle3 >= M3D_2PI ? -M3D_2PI : thetaAngle3 + 0.008f;
    mWorldObjsList[0]->SetRotation(thetaAngle, 0.f, thetaAngle * 0.5f);
    mWorldObjsList[1]->SetRotation(thetaAngle2, 0.f, thetaAngle2 * 0.5f);
    mWorldObjsList[2]->SetRotation(thetaAngle3, 0.f, thetaAngle3 * 0.5f);
    mWorldObjsList[3]->SetRotation(0.f, thetaAngle, 0.f);
}

// Compute the screen ratio between the ground and the sky (aka. Line of Horizon)
float Graphic3DRenderer::ComputeSGRatio() {
    static double sgRatio = 0.5f;
    static float fovCos = 0.f;
    static float fovSin = 0.f;
    static float thetaCos = 0.f;
    static float fovThetaSin = 0.f;
    const bool isCamMoved = mMainCamera->IsCameraMoved();
    const bool isFUpdated = mMainCamera->IsFrustrumUpdated();
    if (isCamMoved || isFUpdated) {
        mMainCamera->ResetUpdateFlags();

        // FoV angle for Y axis is recovered using frustrum FoV and apply RT screen ratio to it
        const float fovYAngleDiv2 = M3D_Deg2Rad(mMainCamera->GetFoV()) * 0.5f;
        // Get the camera pitch angle over camera FoV ratio
        const float theta = M3D_ScalarASinEst(-mMainCamera->GetLook3f().y);
        // Get the camera altitude from the ground
        const float altitude = mMainCamera->GetPos3f().y;

        fovThetaSin = M3D_ScalarSinEst(fovYAngleDiv2 + theta);
        if (isCamMoved)
            thetaCos = M3D_ScalarCosEst(theta);

        if (isFUpdated) {
            fovCos = M3D_ScalarCosEst(fovYAngleDiv2);
            fovSin = M3D_ScalarSinEst(fovYAngleDiv2);
        }        
    
        // Ground/Sky screen ratio calculation using "simple" trigonometric properties of the
        // pinhole (frustrum) camera model.
        // The triangle made by the ground plane intersection with the frustum. This intersection
        // cross the far plane at some point. Instead of computing the coordinate of the point, we
        // directly use the far plane length to get the corresponding ratio for the screen.
        sgRatio = -(altitude * fovCos - FAR_Z * fovThetaSin)
                / (2.f * FAR_Z * fovSin * thetaCos);
    }

    // Clamp
    if (sgRatio > 1.f)  
        sgRatio = 1.f;
    else if (sgRatio < 0.f)
        sgRatio = 0.f;

    return sgRatio;
}

void Graphic3DRenderer::DrawBackground(sf::RenderTexture& context) {
    sf::BlendMode sBM = sf::BlendNone;
    sf::RenderStates sRS(sBM);

    const float sgRatio = ComputeSGRatio();

    // -= Draw the sky =-
    // To avoid unfilled pixels on screen, the "sky-plane" will be rendered 
    // all over the screen.
    // It's will be useless to use and compute a specific rectangle from the 
    // size of the screen!
    // The sky have an infinite z-depth (any objects will be rendered over).
#ifdef DISABLE_WIREFRAME_MODE
    context.clear(SF_COLOR_4CHEX(0x00B5E2FF));
#endif

    // -= Draw the ground =-
    // A simple rectangle shape is used to draw the ground over the sky-plane.
    // The ground is draw after the sky, and before any other object.
    // Depending of the camera pitch, the ratio sky/ground on screen vary.
    // Like the sky, the ground have an infinite z-depth (any objects will 
    // be rendered over).
#ifdef DISABLE_WIREFRAME_MODE
    sf::RectangleShape gndRect;
    if (mMainCamera->GetPos3f().y >= 0) {
        gndRect.setSize(sf::Vector2f(mRTSize.x, mRTSize.y * sgRatio));
        gndRect.setPosition(sf::Vector2f(0, mRTSize.y * (1.f - sgRatio) - 1));
    } else {
        gndRect.setSize(sf::Vector2f(mRTSize.x, mRTSize.y * (1.f - sgRatio)));
        gndRect.setPosition(sf::Vector2f(0, 0));
    }
    gndRect.setFillColor(SF_COLOR_4CHEX(0x009A17FF));
    //gndRect.setFillColor(SF_COLOR_4CHEX(0xD5C2A5FF));
    context.draw(gndRect, sRS);
#else
    sf::Vertex gndLine[2];
    gndLine[0].position = sf::Vector2f(0, mRTSize.y * (1.f - sgRatio));
    gndLine[0].color = sf::Color::White;
    gndLine[1].position = sf::Vector2f(mRTSize.x - 1, mRTSize.y * (1.f - sgRatio));
    gndLine[1].color = sf::Color::White;
    context.draw(gndLine, 2, sf::Lines, sRS);
#endif
}

void Graphic3DRenderer::DrawSceneObjects(sf::RenderTexture& context) {
    sf::BlendMode sBM = sf::BlendNone;
    sf::RenderStates sRS(sBM);

    // Get global (camera and projection) matrixes
    M3D_MATRIX viewMat = mMainCamera->GetView();
    M3D_MATRIX invViewMat = M3D_MInverse(viewMat);  // aka. camera matrix
    M3D_MATRIX projMat = mMainCamera->GetProj();
    M3D_MATRIX viewProjMat = viewMat * projMat;

    std::vector<RenderItem> renderingList;
    renderingList.reserve(mWorldObjsList.size());
    M3D_BoundingFrustum camFrustrum(projMat, false);
    camFrustrum.Transform(camFrustrum, invViewMat);
    for (auto& obj : mWorldObjsList) {
#ifndef DISABLE_AABB_CLIPPING
        // Objects visibility AABB test
        M3D_BoundingBox projAABB = obj->GetAABB();
        projAABB.Transform(projAABB, obj->GetTransform());

        // Do the camera/AABB test
        M3D_ContainmentType aabbTestResult = camFrustrum.Contains(projAABB);
        if (aabbTestResult != DISJOINT)
            renderingList.emplace_back(RenderItem(obj.get(), aabbTestResult));
#else
        renderingList.emplace_back(RenderItem(obj.get()));
#endif
    }

    // Do the NDC projection of visibles vertices in camera frustrum
    size_t prevVCount = 0;
    std::vector<M3D_F4> projVertices;
    sf::Vector2f guardband = mRTSize * 3.5f;
    for (auto& ri : renderingList) {
        size_t vCount = ri.pObj->GetObjectVerticesCount();
        // Resize the output buffer only if we encounter object with more vertices than before
        if (vCount > prevVCount) {
            projVertices.resize(vCount);
            prevVCount = vCount;
        }

        auto& oMesh = ri.pObj->GetObjectMesh();
        // Vertices homogeneous clip space (NDC) transformation
        M3D_V3Transform(
            projVertices.data(), sizeof(M3D_F4), 
            reinterpret_cast<const M3D_F3*>(oMesh.vertices.data()), sizeof(Vertex), 
            vCount, 
            ri.pObj->GetTransform() * viewProjMat
        );

        // Look into triangles indices
        M3D_F4* triVertices[3];
        sf::Vertex drawPoints[4];
        for (auto& objPt : oMesh.parts) {
            auto indicePtr = static_cast<const uint32_t*>(objPt.indices.data());

            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < objPt.GetIndicesCount(); i += 3) {
                // Indices failsafe - discard triangle rendering
                if ((i+2 > objPt.GetIndicesCount()) || indicePtr[i] >= vCount || indicePtr[i+1] >= vCount || indicePtr[i+2] >= vCount) {
                    //log.PrintWarning()
                    break;
                }

                // Retrieve the vertices pointer from indices list
                triVertices[0] = &projVertices[indicePtr[i]];
                triVertices[1] = &projVertices[indicePtr[i+1]];
                triVertices[2] = &projVertices[indicePtr[i+2]];

                // Triangle frustrum clipping -- TODO: Use complete Cohen-Sutherland algo or Cyrus–Beck one
#ifndef DISABLE_TRIANGLE_CLIPPING
                if (VertexClipTest(triVertices[0], guardband) && VertexClipTest(triVertices[1], guardband) && VertexClipTest(triVertices[2], guardband))
#endif
                {
                    M3D_VECTOR V1 = M3D_V4LoadF4(triVertices[0]);
                    M3D_VECTOR V2 = M3D_V4LoadF4(triVertices[1]);
                    M3D_VECTOR V3 = M3D_V4LoadF4(triVertices[2]);

                    // Back-face culling in LH-z system 
                    // (front when (triangle normal . projected vertice) < 0)
                    //if (M3D_V4GetX(M3D_V3Dot(M3D_Tri3DNormal(V1,V2,V3), V1)) < 0)
                    // NOT USED - Too heavy computation resources usage

                    // Do the perspective divide
                    V1 = M3D_V4Divide(V1, M3D_V4SplatW(V1));
                    V2 = M3D_V4Divide(V2, M3D_V4SplatW(V2));
                    V3 = M3D_V4Divide(V3, M3D_V4SplatW(V3));

                    // Finally project from NDC to the screen
                    V1 = M3D_V3TransformNDCToViewport(V1, 0.f, 0.f, mRTSize.x, mRTSize.y, NEAR_Z, FAR_Z);
                    V2 = M3D_V3TransformNDCToViewport(V2, 0.f, 0.f, mRTSize.x, mRTSize.y, NEAR_Z, FAR_Z);
                    V3 = M3D_V3TransformNDCToViewport(V3, 0.f, 0.f, mRTSize.x, mRTSize.y, NEAR_Z, FAR_Z);

                    // Simplified back-face culling on 2D viewport triangle
                    if (M3D_V4GetX(M3D_Tri2DNormal(V1,V2,V3)) > 0) {
                        // Set pixels color depending of frustrum clipping type - debug purpose
                        if (ri.frustrumClipType == DISJOINT) {
                            drawPoints[0].color = drawPoints[1].color = drawPoints[2].color = sf::Color::Red;
                        } else if (ri.frustrumClipType == INTERSECTS) {
                            drawPoints[0].color = drawPoints[1].color = drawPoints[2].color = sf::Color::Yellow;
                        } else {
                            drawPoints[0].color = oMesh.vertices[indicePtr[i]].color;
                            drawPoints[1].color = oMesh.vertices[indicePtr[i+1]].color;
                            drawPoints[2].color = oMesh.vertices[indicePtr[i+2]].color;
                        }

                        drawPoints[0].position = sf::Vector2f(M3D_V4GetX(V1), M3D_V4GetY(V1));
                        drawPoints[1].position = sf::Vector2f(M3D_V4GetX(V2), M3D_V4GetY(V2));
                        drawPoints[2].position = sf::Vector2f(M3D_V4GetX(V3), M3D_V4GetY(V3));
                        drawPoints[3] = drawPoints[0];
#ifdef DISABLE_WIREFRAME_MODE
                        context.draw(drawPoints, 4, sf::Triangles, sRS);
#else
                        context.draw(drawPoints, 4, sf::LineStrip, sRS);
#endif
#ifdef DEBUG
                        drawnTriCount++;
#endif
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

__attribute__((always_inline)) inline static bool VertexClipTest(M3D_F4* V, sf::Vector2f& RTsize) {
    // Guard band are usually 2-3x the viewport size for the clipping test
    return (V->z >= 0 && V->z <= V->w &&
            V->x >= -RTsize.x*V->w && V->x <= RTsize.x*V->w &&
            V->y >= -RTsize.y*V->w && V->y <= RTsize.y*V->w
        );
}